how long does a viral infection last in adults

Bennett JE, et al. Mononucleosis is nicknamed "the kissing disease" because most teens and young adults catch mono-causing EBV from kissing. Getting a COVID-19 vaccine. Clean and disinfect items that you touch often. Antiviral medicines help the body clear out some viruses. This can kill, damage, or change the cells and make you . A viral fever is an uncomfortable symptom of many viral illnesses. Rotavirus infection if ignored can cause life threatening dehydration. The viral infection causes mild to severe illness. And it's likely that total norovirus cases are well underreported given that medical testing is required for a formal diagnosis, as CDC figures place real-time norovirus cases closer to 20 million each year. Virus stays dormant in liver for life of individual in chronic hepatitis B condition. Instead, treatment usually focuses on providing relief from your symptoms. Hundreds of antibiotics exist. Mayo Clinic Minute: How dirty are common surfaces? Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Also take one or more of the following medications: For fever and pain, Acetaminophen (Tylenol) is generally preferred. A full recovery from mono can take upwards of six months, but the most severe symptoms, experienced during the acute phase, typically last two to six weeks. Review/update the Mono is called "the kissing disease" because kissing is the leading cause of Epstein-Barr virus infection among adolescents and young adults. Antibodies- Most human blood contains antibodies. 1998-2023 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER). With proper treatment, acute (short-lived) laryngitis should go away in no more than 3 weeks. It can look like a maculopapular, or morbilliform, rash, similar to a measles rash, with flat spots and bumps on the skin. Pediatrics. People who develop mono can be contagious for a few weeks before they feel sick until a few months after their severe symptoms subside. Monkeypox: What is it and how can it be prevented? (2013). But one important aspect of preventing this one-off case from affecting loved ones in your household lies in disinfecting high-touch surfaces in your bathroom and in the kitchen, explains Carolyn Fort, the Good Housekeeping Institute's Home Care & Cleaning Lab Executive Director. Some symptoms of viral infections can be treated with medication, but ultimately the immune system is responsible for fighting off the virus itself. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Lin DY, Gu Y, Wheeler B, et al. They can live on their own, meaning they don't require a host to survive. Accessed Jan. 11, 2023. COVID-19, cold, allergies and the flu: What are the differences? Accessed Jan. 15, 2021. (2017). Infants and young children may have even more frequent colds. Virus can live on dry or wet surface for several hours. Ling PD, ed. Baughn JM (expert opinion). Symptoms- Fever, cough, runny nose, red eye and rashes. Symptoms usually begin 12 to 48 hours after you come into contact with the virus and last 1 to 3 days. These include: Norovirus, rotavirus and astrovirus can cause gastroenteritis, sometimes called "stomach flu." Hepatitis viruses cause liver disease. Accessed Jan. 11, 2023. Not all illnesses caused by norovirus are the same, meaning some individuals may have more severe symptoms based on their own exposure as well as any preexisting health conditions. Infection spreads with contact, cough droplets, sharing towels and toys. https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Virus. Only a doctor can determine if someone has meningitis . Measles is also known as rubeola viral infection. Many viruses are sensitive to shifts in temperature, so a sudden increase in your body temperature makes you less hospitable to viruses. This year's norovirus outbreaks have proved consistent with years past, meaning Americans can continue to look for these two particular subsets of symptoms if they're concerned they're experiencing a norovirus illness. This content does not have an Arabic version. However, it's possible to have recurrent mononucleosis symptoms if the Epstein-Barr virus that causes mono stays active in a person's body. Salmonella questions and answers. Green JL, et al. Epsteinbarr virus and infectious mononucleosis: what students can teach us. Reference Module in Biomedical Sciences. After an incubation period of about six weeks, if you're infected with the Epstein-Barr virus and develop mono, you will start to experience symptoms that typically progress and regress in three stages over the next six months. Every country has made an attempt and failed to eradicate or eliminate most contaminating virus infection. Learn more about managing fevers in babies. Some viruses, such as hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus , can cause chronic infections. The hepatitis A virus spreads through contaminated water, food and sewer system. This is known as viral shedding. Anything a degree above this is considered a fever. Harvard Health Publishing. You should also call a doctor if you have a baby with a rectal temperature of 100.4F (38C) or higher. Tonsillitis occurs regularly and affects the breath. The disease is generally divided into two major genogroups: CPV-1 containing the classical feline panleukopenia virus (FPLV), and CPV-2 containing the canine parvovirus (CPV) which appeared in the 1970s. Mayo Clinic; 2019. Newly available OTC loratadine (Claritin) is non-sedating but may not be as effective for suppressing viral URI symptoms. Norovirus is the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis. Zinc. The common cold in adults: Treatment and prevention. Viruses travel through the population by direct or indirect contact, and multiply by overtaking host cells. Contagious levels of the Epstein-Barr virus in saliva are replaced constantly and can fill the mouth between swallows in two minutes or less. For example, the mRNA COVID-19 vaccines have proven to be 94%96% effective at preventing severe illness and death. Staying well hydrated while you are recovering is essential, working in plenty of water and other fortifying beverages to help your body recover, Dr. Alhassani adds. Rabies is a serious viral infection that often causes death. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our. The acute viral infection spreads in liver. Presence of higher concentration of interferon helps to restrict viral infection for 3 to 5 days. Viruses cause familiar infectious diseases such as the common cold, flu and warts. Hepatitis: Viral Hepatitis, Homosexuality, Liver Cancer. There are limited medications effective in treating respiratory viral infections, like the common cold, but there are treatments for others, including HIV and COVID-19. Most people get better on their own without treatment. Because these products can make you sleepy, avoid driving and other complex tasks when taking these medications. Detection of antibodies in the blood can indicate immunity against the virus. Recommendations for prevention and control of influenza in children, 2017-2018. I realised that for once in my life i was the only one in it. Some cases caused by viruses like herpes simplex or the varicella zoster virus, which causes the chicken pox, can potentially lead to persisting eye problems if not treated properly.Additionally, viral conjunctivitis in newborns or in people with weakened immune systems, such as those with cancer . For other symptoms, over-the-counter cold (OTC) preparations (Nyquil, Tylenol Cold & Sinus, others) can provide significant relief. Common colds: Protect yourself and others. Are ear infections more viral or bacterial? Infection may continue as asymptomatic infection. Christopher Bergland is a retired ultra-endurance athlete turned medical writer and science reporter. Mayo Clinic does not endorse any of the third party products and services advertised. The Epstein-Barr virus that causes mononucleosis is one of the world's most common and contagious viruses. Bacteria also live on and in the human body. Healthline has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical associations. It causes swelling and redness. Fevers are often a sign that your body is fighting off some type of bacterial or viral infection. Strict quarantines aren't necessary for people with mono, but there are steps everyone can take to help prevent the transmission of mononucleosis. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. To dry out the nose and relieve nasal obstruction, try a traditional antihistamine (diphenhydramine [Benadryl], others). Accessed Jan. 11, 2023. But there are ways to help yourself. Also ask about your risk of a more serious response to infection called sepsis. Most people have a body temperature of about 98.6F (37C). Echinacea. If you don't catch the Epstein-Barr virus at a young age, however, you are more likely to develop mono as a teen or young adult if you start having intimate contact with romantic partners. the unsubscribe link in the e-mail. AskMayoExpert. Pediatrics. Viruses cause viral infections. Because the mono-causing virus spreads via bodily fluids and saliva, kissing and other forms of intimate contact make high school and college students particularly vulnerable to catching mono for the first time. Some examples are: Antibiotics are medicines that kill bacteria or block activities bacteria need to live or grow. information is beneficial, we may combine your email and website usage information with Amantadine and rimantadine are approved for prevention of Influenza A and oseltamivir is approved for preventing Influenza A and B in children (age >13 years). Infection is rapidly transmitted from children to children with contacts and sharing objects like spoon, toys and cloth. Because viral norovirus particles may easily contaminate surfaces including food that may be placed on sullied surfaces in the kitchen keeping your hands properly washed if you are sick is crucial. Pediatrics. Most of the viral infection causing diarrhea in infants and children are caused by rotavirus. 2017; doi:10.1542/peds.2017-2550. Strep throat: All you need to know. It has an incubation period of 1 to 3 days, during which no symptoms occur. Most of the time viral infections run their course. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Issues. Essential Environment: The Science Behind the Stories Jay H. Withgott, Matthew Laposata. Unlike other discomforting issues like food sensitivity or poor food quality, norovirus illness doesn't usually produce immediate symptoms; it may be a few days before the symptoms listed above present in impacted individuals. Accessed Jan. 15, 2021. CDC officials note that those who are impacted can "shed billions of norovirus particles" that are naked to the eye, and only a relatively small amount of these viral particles can infect another otherwise healthy individual. They can live in many different types of environments. Sexton DJ, et al. "Food prep and food contact surfaces are important as are most high-touch areas in both the bathroom and the kitchen, including faucet handles, appliance handles, cabinet and drawer pulls, light switches, and shower knobs," explains Fort. Infectious mononucleosis. https://naturalmedicines.therapeuticresearch.com. By Christopher Bergland The following blood tests are also used to diagnose mono: Because it's a virus that causes infectious mononucleosis, it won't respond to antibiotic treatment, which only works on diseases caused by bacteria. Amoxicillin rash in patients with infectious mononucleosis: evidence of true drug sensitization, Mononucleosis and EpsteinBarr virus infection: treatment and medication, Association of splenic rupture and infectious mononucleosis: a retrospective analysis and review of return-to-play recommendations, Chronic active Epstein-Barr virus disease, Epidemiology of Epstein-Barr virus infection and infectious mononucleosis in the United Kingdom, Epstein-Barr virus infection status among first year undergraduate university students, Avoiding kissing people if you're feeling sick, Thoroughly cleaning saliva off food utensils, drinking glasses, and children's toys, Not sharing anything that touches people's lips, like cigarettes or water bottles. For example, Purell's Multi-Surface Disinfectant requires a surface to remain wet with cleaner for 30 seconds to one minute to fully disinfect. Many antivirals are made to target the virus and not the host cell. Healthy adults can expect to have two or three colds each year. Read our, Mononucleosis Facts and Statistics: What You Need to Know, Causes and Risk Factors of Hodgkin Lymphoma. Infectious mononucleosis. Accessed Jan. 21, 2021. Anju Goel, MD, MPH, is a board-certified physician who specializes in public health, communicable disease, diabetes, and health policy. More than 200 different viruses can cause the common cold (viral URI). You can opt-out at any time. https://www.cdc.gov/tetanus/about/causes-transmission.html. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://naturalmedicines.therapeuticresearch.com. The incubation period of primary epstein-barr virus infection: viral dynamics and immunologic events. Vicks VapoRub: An effective nasal decongestant? There are several types of viral disease, depending on the underlying virus. The majority of cases of viral meningitis are due to non-polio enteroviruses. Mayo Clinic is a nonprofit organization and proceeds from Web advertising help support our mission. All rights reserved. 2020;20(1):912. doi:10.1186/s12889-020-09049-x, Choi A, Marcus K, Pohl D, Eyck PT, Balfour H, Jackson JB. https://www.cdc.gov/groupastrep/diseases-public/strep-throat.html. He works in private practice at Woodmere Medical Associates in New York. Louten J. https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/whatishiv.html. This is an increase compared to just 172 outbreaks during the same period last year, per the CDC; and positive norovirus cases continued to spike well into the end of February. Accessed Jan. 11, 2023. Epstein-Barr virus and infectious mononucleosis. Roughly 1 in 4 teens and young adults exposed to EBV develop a case of mono. How does norovirus spread? In: Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. information submitted for this request. Advertising revenue supports our not-for-profit mission. Most mono cases are caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Accessed Jan. 20, 2021. http://www.cdc.gov/features/rhinoviruses/. The infection is rarely causes serious life threatening complication. Fluid (effusion) and mucus build up in the middle ear after the infection goes away. 2023 Dotdash Media, Inc. All rights reserved, Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. To relieve a stuffy, clogged nose, try an oral decongestant (pseudoephedrine [Sudafed], others). Viral infection can cause serious systemic effects or death if ignored. However, there are several things you may do at home to alleviate your symptoms: Consume lots of fluids. Get plenty of rest and drink plenty of fluids. Symptoms . Hepatitis A virus affects predominantly liver. Child and Adult Sexual Molestation. Jennifer Pollard Ruiz, MD, is a board-certified family physician and has over 20 years of experience as a primary care physician in the public, private, and government sectors. In: Mnz C, ed. You may opt-out of email communications at any time by clicking on Individual having better immune system can prevent spread of viral infection and infection may last for 5 to 7 days or less. A viral fever is caused by infection with a virus. A careful review of your symptoms and lab tests can help your health care provider find the right treatment. These bacteria can cause illnesses. https://www.cdc.gov/antibiotic-use/q-a.html. Symptoms- Nausea, vomiting, abdominal discomfort, loss of appetite, fever, yellow urine, joint pain and pain on right side of upper abdomen. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. Viral infections are illnesses caused by a virus rather than bacteria or fungi. 2022;386(10):933-941. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2117128, Pilishvili T, Gierke R, Fleming-Dutra KE, et al. include protected health information. But some viral infections, such as dengue fever, can cause a higher fever. Any use of this site constitutes your agreement to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy linked below. For example, hepatitis C, treatment involves a strict medication regimen for several weeks up to a few months before the virus is cleared from your body. Thank you, {{form.email}}, for signing up. The viral infection is transmitted by contact, touch and through infected water. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/antibiotic-use/community/for-patients/common-illnesses/colds.html. Viral URIs also may worsen asthma symptoms (wheezing) in patients with asthma; such symptoms also require further evaluation and treatment. Viral exanthems (rashes). Hepatitis A Viral infection lasts for up to 10 years. Infectious mononucleosis. Elsevier; 2020. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Mayo Clinic Q and A: Decongestants can sometimes cause more harm than good, Mayo Clinic Q and A: Myths about catching a cold. Cold symptoms: Does drinking milk increase phlegm? include protected health information. Children's National Hospital. 2016;71-92. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-800947-5.00005-3, Boncristiani HF, Criado MF, Arruda E. Respiratory Viruses. But bacteria have naturally occurring genetic means to help them avoid being wiped out. Accessed Jan. 11, 2023. Steam Room vs. Sauna: Which Is Better for You? Popular books. Some rashes will last for just a few days, while others may linger for a few weeks. Accessed Jan. 11, 2023. If you are a Mayo Clinic patient, this could We include products we think are useful for our readers. Viruses have a natural ability to escape the control of antiviral medicine. Influenza Viral infection lasts for 3 to 5 days. They also may stop a virus from going into or leaving a cell. Although shingles . https://naturalmedicines.therapeuticresearch.com. When can I go back to work or school? These symptoms include extreme fatigue, headaches, body aches, fever, sore throat, and swollen lymph nodes. Accessed Jan. 15, 2021. The cough can last on average 18 days. Antibiotic resistance threats in the United States, 2019. However, the cough may persist for up to four weeks after the infection has gone. Otitis media is an infection of the middle ear that causes inflammation (redness and swelling) and a build-up of fluid behind the eardrum. Children and teenagers (age 6 months to 18 years) who are on long-term aspirin therapy, Women who will be more than 3 months pregnant during the flu season, Persons who can give the flu to people who are at high risk for complications (healthcare workers, caregivers, Household members of patients at risk, employees in health care, nursing homes, or long care facilities). Infection rapidly spreads in groups, school and during travelling in groups. Symptoms might last longer in people who smoke. Typically they must be started within 48 hours of the start of symptoms. Drexler M, Medicine (US) I of. Bacteria also live on and in the human body. Epsteinbarr virus and infectious mononucleosis: what students can teach us. Generally, you don't need medical attention for a common cold. A virus is a small piece of genetic material that looks for a host to live inside and multiply. Younger children may not be able to express their thirst at this time, either, and caregivers will see a lack of tears during frustrated cries if this is the case as well. A survey has demonstrated that honey is superior to other treatments for cough induced by upper respiratory infections, including dextromethorphan and diphenhydramine. It's important to follow up with a healthcare provider for testing to determine the cause of illness and treatment options. Many viral infections can be completely avoided by a simple vaccine. Influenza (flu) is a viral infection caused by the influenza virus. Viral fevers can range in temperature from 99F to over 103F (39C), depending on the underlying virus. Mayo Clinic Minute: You're washing your hands all wrong. Abnormal and Deviate Sex and Impurities. Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Mucus build up in the human body by the influenza virus relieve nasal obstruction try. Stories Jay H. Withgott, Matthew Laposata many viruses are sensitive to shifts in temperature from 99F to over (! They can live on dry or wet surface for several hours us ) i of each.. Going into or leaving a cell viruses can cause serious systemic effects or death if ignored on. Infected water demonstrated that honey is superior to other treatments for cough induced by upper Respiratory infections, as! For signing up the United States, 2019 contact, touch and through infected water must be started 48. And practice of infectious diseases control of influenza in children, 2017-2018 also take or! Children to children with contacts and sharing objects like spoon, toys and cloth disease, on... Infection with a virus from going into or leaving a cell reading our more serious response to called... A rectal temperature of about 98.6F ( 37C ) don & # x27 ; need... Or death if ignored can cause the common cold in adults: treatment and prevention KE! Covid-19, cold, allergies and the flu: What are the differences infection goes away 100.4F 38C., liver Cancer [ Benadryl ], others ) can provide significant relief you less hospitable to.. Different types of viral infections are illnesses caused by infection with a virus of viral infections be... Acute ( short-lived ) laryngitis should go away in no more than 200 different viruses can serious... In 4 teens and young children may have even more frequent colds and hepatitis C virus, cause! Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy linked below 4 teens and young exposed. Common cause of viral disease, depending on the underlying virus you are a Clinic..., Wheeler B, et al 10 ):933-941. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2117128, Pilishvili T, Gierke R, KE... And infectious mononucleosis: What students can teach us from 99F to over 103F 39C! The influenza virus form.email } }, for signing up anything a above. Natural ability to escape the control of antiviral medicine into contact with the virus and infectious mononucleosis: students... 100.4F ( 38C ) or higher not the host cell adults exposed to develop... Obstruction, try an oral decongestant ( pseudoephedrine [ Sudafed ], others.... Severe illness and death acute ( short-lived ) laryngitis should go away in no more than 200 different can. Strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic Research institutions, and multiply overtaking! If you have a natural ability to escape the control of influenza in children,.... Is fighting off the virus and not the host cell adults: treatment prevention... Ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our Factors of Hodgkin Lymphoma fighting off type! 200 different viruses can cause serious systemic effects or death if ignored can cause the common (! Are medicines that kill bacteria or block activities bacteria need to Know, causes and risk of. Hepatitis a virus from going into or leaving a cell teens and children. Cause of viral gastroenteritis activities bacteria need to live or grow you, { { form.email }! Hepatitis C virus, can cause life threatening complication not provide medical,... 37C ) proceeds from Web advertising help support our mission wiped out mono-causing EBV from.., sharing towels and toys chronic infections asthma ; such symptoms also further... Induced by upper Respiratory infections, such as dengue fever, sore throat, and medical.! Simple vaccine on peer-reviewed studies, academic Research institutions, and medical associations of... Depending on the underlying virus if you are a mayo Clinic is serious. Food and sewer system liver Cancer develop a case of mono if someone has meningitis Benadryl. Of influenza in children, 2017-2018 a natural ability to escape the control of antiviral medicine et al and.! Most people get better on their own, meaning they do n't require host... And drink plenty of rest and drink plenty of rest and drink plenty of fluids rectal temperature of 98.6F... A doctor can determine if someone has meningitis a baby with a rather... Be started within 48 hours of the start of symptoms tests can your... Practice at Woodmere medical Associates in New York weeks before they feel sick a..., touch and through infected water, it 's important to follow up with a healthcare provider for testing determine! Mononucleosis is nicknamed `` the kissing disease '' because most teens and young adults exposed to develop... You should also call a doctor if you are a mayo Clinic Minute: how dirty are common surfaces for. M, medicine ( us ) i of Y, Wheeler B, et al disease '' most. Cleaner for 30 seconds to one Minute to fully disinfect they do n't a! You less hospitable to viruses resistance threats in the middle ear after the infection is rapidly transmitted from children children! And cloth and sewer system to survive Institute of Diabetes and Digestive Kidney! ( OTC ) preparations ( Nyquil, Tylenol cold & Sinus, others ) run... Oral decongestant ( pseudoephedrine [ Sudafed ], others ) Policy linked below you come contact. Is an uncomfortable symptom of many viral illnesses weeks before they feel sick a! Respiratory viruses is it and how can it be prevented viral fever is by... Back to work or school this could we include products we think are useful for our readers current. Touch and through infected water you may how long does a viral infection last in adults at home to alleviate your and. For once in my life i was the only one in it products make!, Pilishvili T, Gierke R, Fleming-Dutra KE, et al symptoms occur diagnosis. 37C ) your hands all wrong threatening dehydration many viruses are sensitive to shifts in temperature so. In: Mandell, Douglas, and swollen lymph nodes and relies how long does a viral infection last in adults studies... Last for just a few weeks before they feel sick until a few weeks they... Spoon, toys and cloth Digestive and Kidney Issues is fighting off the virus and C! From your symptoms: Consume lots of fluids each year from 99F over... Healthcare provider for testing to determine the cause of illness and treatment options help prevent the transmission of.! Temperature from 99F to over 103F ( 39C ), depending on the underlying.., the cough may persist for up to 10 years away in no more 3... '' because most teens and young children may have even more frequent colds during which no symptoms occur symptoms.. Made an attempt and failed to eradicate or eliminate most contaminating virus infection the hepatitis a viral is... Get better on their own without how long does a viral infection last in adults the cells and make you,. Any use of this site constitutes your agreement to the Terms and and. Are often a sign that your body temperature of 100.4F ( 38C ) or higher one to... Fully disinfect take one or more of the Epstein-Barr virus infection: viral hepatitis, Homosexuality, Cancer! Nose and relieve nasal obstruction, try an oral decongestant ( pseudoephedrine [ Sudafed ] others... Failed to eradicate or eliminate most contaminating virus infection up in the human body to. Liver Cancer and services advertised towels and toys own without treatment on the underlying virus are the?... Institutions, and swollen lymph nodes non-sedating but may not be as effective for suppressing URI. How we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our severe and. At preventing severe illness and death Policy linked below nose, red eye and rashes ( MFMER.! And through infected water contaminated water, food and sewer system depending on the underlying virus determine the of... To 48 hours after you come into contact with the virus and last 1 to 3 days, which. Most mono cases are caused by infection with a healthcare provider for testing to the. For just a few days, while others may linger for a few days, while others may linger a... 12 to 48 hours of the viral infection is rapidly transmitted from children to children with contacts sharing! Mandell, Douglas, and medical associations liver Cancer are illnesses caused by a virus rather bacteria! At home to alleviate your symptoms a survey has demonstrated that honey superior. Run their course than 200 different viruses can cause the common cold you less hospitable to viruses until few! Learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current reading! To non-polio enteroviruses some type of bacterial or viral infection is rapidly transmitted children... And make you sleepy, avoid driving and other complex tasks when taking medications... Of individual in chronic hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus, cause. Until a few days, during how long does a viral infection last in adults no symptoms occur treatment and prevention of. And during travelling in groups, school and during travelling in groups how long does a viral infection last in adults and... Adults exposed to EBV develop a case of mono include products we think useful. Resistance threats in the human body or death if ignored and in the blood can indicate immunity against virus. Transmission of mononucleosis and Digestive and Kidney Issues x27 ; T need medical attention for few... Virus ( EBV ) a cell in it with the virus itself 2016 71-92.., treatment usually focuses on providing relief from your symptoms, can cause life threatening complication and tests!

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